![]() (b) This myelin is formed of a phospholipid sheath called sphingomyelin. (a) Medullary sheath is the inner thick sheath and is formed of a shining white fatty substance called myelin and are formed by Schwann cells or oligo dendrite cells. ![]() (iv) Medullated nerve fibres (myelinated nerve fibres): (iii) Unipolar (cell body with one axon only found usually in the embryonic stage). (ii) Bipolar (with one axon and one dendrite, found in the retina of the eye) and (i) Multipolar (with one axon and two or more dendrites found in the cerebral cortex), (x) Acetylcholine is the most common and the best studied neurotransmitter. (ix) Chemicals involved in the transmission of impulses at chemical synapses are called neurotransmitters. (viii) A synapse is formed by the membranes of a presynaptic neuron and a postsynaptic neuron which may or may not be separated by a gap called synaptic cleft. (vii) The junction between two neurons is called synapse. (vi) In white fibres or myelinated fibres, the nerve impulse jumps from one node of Ranvier to next and is called saltatory propagation which increases the speed of impulse. (v) The nerve impulse is conducted along the axon membrane in the form of a wave of depolarisation and repolarisation. (iv) The difference in charge is called resting potential. (iii) Membrane of a non-conducting neuron is positive on the outside and negative inside. (ii) Conduction of nerve impulse is an electro-chemical process. (i) Nerve impulses are electrical signals produced by the plasma membrane of a neuron. (vii) Glial cells are the supporting cells. (vi) Neurons are the functional units of the nervous system. (v) Nervous System is made up of two different cell types: neurons and glial cells. (iv) Nervous System is found only in animals and absent in plants. (iii) All functions of the body are regulated, integrated and coordinated by the neuroendocrine system. (ii) The nervous system is a highly specialised organ system that involves reactions from simple to complex actions based on internal and external stimulus. Therefore, this work that suggests the effect of Primary Auditory Cortex in characterizing the dominance of language processing in high functioning young adults seems to be highly significant in discriminating different groups in autism spectrum.Īutism deep belief networks fMRI functional connectivity language processing primary auditory cortex.(i) The nervous system controls and coordinates all the other systems of the animal body. Since it is known that autism involves enhanced, but imbalanced components of intelligence, the reason behind the supremacy of high functioning group in language processing and region responsible for enhanced connectivity has been recognized. Results were validated using DBN measuring the classification accuracy of 85.85% for high functioning and 81.71% for the low functioning group. ![]() It was found that the additional interaction of the Primary Auditory Cortex lying in the temporal lobe, with other regions of interest complimented their enhanced connectivity. Results showed increased functional connectivity in high functioning subjects. These parameters have been fed to Deep Belief Networks (DBN) to classify the subjects under consideration as either LFA or HFA. Brain connectivity parameters such as Granger Causality (GC) and Phase Slope Index (PSI) have been calculated for the individual groups. The functional connectivity maps have been plotted through graph theory procedures. The language processing regions of the brain, along with Default Mode Network (DMN) have been considered for the analysis. The task-based functional Magnetic Resonance Images (fMRI) of both high and low functioning autistic groups were acquired from ABIDE database, for 58 low functioning against 43 high functioning individuals while they were involved in a defined language processing task. This work addresses the overlapping phenomenon present in autism spectrum through functional connectivity patterns along with brain connectivity parameters and distinguishes the classes using deep belief networks. However, specific mechanisms associated with their functional capabilities are still under research. Generally, high functioning individuals are known to exhibit higher intelligence and better language processing abilities. Brain mapping studies have revealed that autism individuals have overlaps in brain behavioural characteristics. The spectrum of autism encompasses High Functioning Autism (HFA) and Low Functioning Autism (LFA). ![]()
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